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<title>Pyrena</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyrena</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fruitstones. For the organelle within the chloroplast of some algae and hornworts, see <a href="Pyrenoid" title="Pyrenoid">pyrenoid</a>. For other uses of "pyrene", see <a href="Pyrene_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pyrene (disambiguation)">Pyrene (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Pirene_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pirene (disambiguation)">Pirene</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>pyrena</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</span></span>) or <b>pyrene</b>, commonly called a <b>pit</b> or <b>stone</b>, is the <b>fruitstone</b> within a <a href="Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> or <a href="Drupelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Drupelet">drupelet</a> produced by the <a href="Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">ossification</a> of the endocarp or lining of the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckel2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckel2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of a hard <a href="Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> tissue surrounding one or more <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> (also called the "kernel").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeentjeWilliamson2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeentjeWilliamson2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyKing2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyKing2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hardened endocarp which constitutes the pyrene provides a protective physical barrier around the seed, shielding it from <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and <a href="Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While many drupes are monopyrenous, containing only one pyrene, <a href="Pome" title="Pome">pome</a>-type fruit with a hard, stony (rather than leathery) <a href="Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> are typically polypyrenous drupes, containing multiple pyrenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterErikssonEvansOh2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterErikssonEvansOh2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<p>The hardening of the endocarp of a developing drupe occurs via <a href="Secondary_cell_wall" title="Secondary cell wall">secondary cell wall</a> formation and <a href="Lignification" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignification">lignification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a> <a href="Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, also found in <a href="Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, provides a structure within secondary cell walls which supports the <a href="Polymerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymerisation">polymerisation</a> of <a href="Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>; together these polymers provide the endocarp with <a href="Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and <a href="Stiffness" title="Stiffness">stiffness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further hardening occurs during the <a href="Biomineralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomineralisation">biomineralisation</a> of the endocarp. The biomineralisation of pyrenes during the life of the plant can aid the preservation of fruit remains in <a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> findings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlluéCáceresExpósitoCanals2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlluéCáceresExpósitoCanals2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessagerBadouFröhlichDeniaux2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessagerBadouFröhlichDeniaux2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of a <a href="Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Pyrene of a <a href="Peach" title="Peach">peach</a> dissected to reveal a single seed inside</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of <i><a href="Crataegus_punctata" title="Crataegus punctata">Crataegus punctata</a></i>, a polypyrenous drupe</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">X-ray of a pyrene of <i><a href="Elaeocarpus_ganitrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaeocarpus ganitrus">Elaeocarpus ganitrus</a></i> revealing 10 seed-bearing <a href="Locule" title="Locule">locules</a> inside; the number of locules in <i>E. ganitrus</i> pyrenes is variable between individual fruits</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut (fruit)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckel2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckel2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEckel2011">Eckel (2011)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeentjeWilliamson2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeentjeWilliamson2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeentjeWilliamson2010">Beentje & Williamson (2010)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyKing2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyKing2001_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickeyKing2001">Hickey & King (2001)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardickCallahan2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDardickCallahan2014">Dardick & Callahan (2014)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterErikssonEvansOh2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterErikssonEvansOh2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotterErikssonEvansOh2007">Potter et al. (2007)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlluéCáceresExpósitoCanals2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlluéCáceresExpósitoCanals2015_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlluéCáceresExpósitoCanals2015">Allué et al. (2015)</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessagerBadouFröhlichDeniaux2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessagerBadouFröhlichDeniaux2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessagerBadouFröhlichDeniaux2010">Messager et al. (2010)</a>.</span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAlluéCáceresExpósitoCanals2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allué, Ethel; Cáceres, Isabel; Expósito, Isabel; Canals, Antoni; Rodríguez, Anna; Rosell, Jordi; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Carbonell, Eudald (2015). "Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">570–</span>577. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JArSc..53..570A">2015JArSc..53..570A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.11.016">10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBeentjeWilliamson2010" class="citation book cs1">Beentje, H.; Williamson, J. (2010). <i>The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDardickCallahan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dardick, Chris; Callahan, Ann M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070412">"Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>5</b>: 284. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2014.00284">10.3389/fpls.2014.00284</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X">1664-462X</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070412">4070412</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25009543">25009543</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEckel2011" class="citation web cs1">Eckel, P.M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=stone">"A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin"</a>. Missouri Botanical Garden.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHickeyKing2001" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMessagerBadouFröhlichDeniaux2010" class="citation journal cs1">Messager, Erwan; Badou, Aïcha; Fröhlich, François; Deniaux, Brigitte; Lordkipanidze, David; Voinchet, Pierre (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02949710/file/2010%20graine%20biomin.pdf">"Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>34. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ArAnS...2...25M">2010ArAnS...2...25M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-010-0024-1">10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128691588">128691588</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPotterErikssonEvansOh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rd.springer.com/journal/606/266/1/page/1">"Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae"</a></span>. <i>Plant Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>266</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>43. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PSyEv.266....5P">2007PSyEv.266....5P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-007-0539-9">10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16578516">16578516</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany855" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;background: #90EE90; color:black;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Botany855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li>

<li><a href="Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li>

<li><a href="Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li>

<li><a href="Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li>

<li><a href="Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li>

<li><a href="Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li>

<li><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br><span class="nobold">(<a href="Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li>

<li><a href="Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4; color:black;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li>

<li><a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br>(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li>

<li><a href="Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li>

<li><a href="Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li>

<li><a href="ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li>

<li><a href="Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li>

<li><a href="Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li>

<li><a href="Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li>

<li><a href="Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li>

<li><a href="Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li>

<li><a href="Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li>

<li><a href="Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li>

<li><a href="Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li>

<li><a href="Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4; color:black;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li>

<li><a href="Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorns%2C_spines%2C_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br>Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li>

<li><a href="Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li>

<li><a href="Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li>

<li><a href="Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%">Plant growth<br>and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li>

<li><a href="Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li>

<li><a href="Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li>

<li><a href="Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li>

<li><a href="Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li>

<li><a href="Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae%2C_fungi%2C_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_oldest_trees" title="List of oldest trees">Oldest trees</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_superlative_trees" title="List of superlative trees">Superlative trees</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">Tallest trees</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3; color:black;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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